Background: Tumor necrosis factor-beta or lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-α), IL-4 and IL-10 are determining factors in immunity against BCG. Allelic Polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of their Genes affect the rate of cytokine production and therefore, the host’s ability in BCG containment. Objective: To study the prevalence of –590 (C/T) and –592 (C/A) allelic distribution of IL-4 and IL-10 promoter regions, respectively, and +282 (G/A) Polymorphism in the first intron of LT-α in BCG vaccinees with lymphadenopathy comparing to those of controls. Methods: Polymorphisms in the promoter region of IL-4 and IL-10 were determined by primer induced restriction site PCR and the Polymorphism in the first intron of LT-α was investigated using PCR-RFLP method. Forty patients with BCG adenitis and 42 healthy age-matched infants without reactions were included in this study. Results: No significant differences existed between allele and genotype frequencies of IL-4 or LT-α Genes from patients as compared to the controls. A significant difference in genotype distribution of the IL-10 –592 C-to-T Polymorphism was observed between patients and controls (p<0.05). In this respect, the AA and AC genotypes with lower ability in IL-10 production were found more frequently in the control group. Conclusion: The lower frequency of AA genotype at position –592 of IL-10 promoter region in patients may have resulted in more IL- 10 production leading to weaker immune response that allows bacterial burden and occurrence of lymphadenitis.

Background: It is believed that environmental and Genetic factors may be responsible for autism. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and its Gene Polymorphisms have been shown to be implicated as risk factors in autism.Objectives: To analyze MTHFR C677T Polymorphism (rs1801133) in autistic patients.Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in 2014 and 2015 in northern Iran. One hundred and seventy-one male autistic patients and 198 healthy males were included in this study. Autism was diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSMIV) criteria. Each autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patient was also evaluated by the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). All participants were tested for C677T Polymorphism by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method.Statistical analyzes were performed using MedCalc version 12.1 by the c2 test and logistic regression model. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The mean age±SD of case and control groups was 13.5±2.7 and 15.6±3.7 years. The mean±SD of CARS score was 36.2±1.7.The genotype frequencies of CC, TC, and TT in children with autism were 50.9%, 45.6%, and 3.5%, respectively, and in control group were 54.5%, 44.0%, and 1.5%, respectively (p>0.05). The allele frequencies of C and T in children with autism were 73.0% and 27.0%, and in control group were 76.0% and 24.0%, respectively (p>0.05).Conclusion: MTHFR C677T Polymorphism is not associated with autism in a population in the north of Iran.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex disease having both Genetic and environmental components and candidate Genes on obesity and insulin metabolism have been hypothesized to be involved in its etiology.Objective: We examined the possible association of adiponectin and insulin receptor Gene Polymorphisms with PCOS.Materials and Methods: A total of 186 women with PCOS using NIH criteria and 156 healthy women were recruited. Their samples were genotyped for the Polymorphism in exon 17 and 8 of the insulin receptor Gene or exon and intron 2 of the adiponectin Gene.Results: The distributions of genotypes and alleles of both Polymorphisms were not different in women with PCOS and controls. There was no significant differences on the anthropometric and hormonal profiles of various adiponectin and insulin receptor Genes Polymorphisms among both groups.Conclusion: Adiponectin and insulin receptor Gene Polymorphisms are not associated with PCOS in a sample of Iranian population.